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Perhaps a spiritual leader, she was called 'the Ishmaelite woman who walks like a man and talks bass.' In numerous cases, they have moved in. It is woolly like your Brother Jesus. Noble Drew Ali, according to Sister Gaddy-Bey of Tempe 4 and 25, 22. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013), 197. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. } Rabbi Ford and Rabbi Samuel Valentine split in 1924. ", As suggested by the above, some of these accounts as well as wisps found in other research suggest the Ishmaelite diaspora played a role in the development of secular and Muslim black nationalist groups and movements throughout the Midwest, as well as the founding of mosques and small Islamic sects in the region, notably Moorish Science (which was associated with Marcus Garvey's movement in the '20s and was also later acknowledged as a forerunner by the Nation of Islam). A Moorish American Scholar publication special limited Adept edition vol.1. Within hours of his transition, there was utter pandemonium, chaos and confusion that hit the Moorish membership like the Titanic hit the Iceberg. More straightforward-seeming analysis of words proceed according to the science of numerology and according to the science of letters: he decodes a word like black via its numerological significance (11) or the meanings of the letters (B or Beth: being life or death) (see page 54). Are you prioritizing your cable entertainment bill over protecting and investing in your family? Tarik Bey has his own notions of conspiracy and hegemony: Masonry is Islam, the science, he says, and it is through the science of Islam that Europeans (so-called whites) rule the world, but what he shares with the majority of contemporary Moorish Science thinkers is this emphasis on etymology as revealing the forgotten or concealed truth of words. ANCIENT FREE MOORISH RITE: CLIFFORD E. HAZEL BEY LODGE NO. Garvey was a Jamaican immigrant who was an outspoken civil rights activist, journalist and entrepreneur. Study, study, study! Al Moroccan = Moroccan = Moabite = Moors The cushion-shaped, H-color, VVS1-clarity gem carries an estimate of $225,000 to $250,000. As unusual as such documents appear, a spokesman for Eugene Moore, the Cook County recorder of deeds, said the office had no choice but to accept the documents, which have the legal effect of transferring ownership of the property. Essay unveils Noble Drew Ali's elusive past before donning the Moorish American fez in 1925 Chicago by examining fortuitiously discovered documents such as WWI draft card, census records street directories. rmed the Moorish Zionist Temple (aka Cushim congregation) in Harlem NY with affiliate branches in Newark, New Jersey and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. THE EVIL IN THIS WORLD MUST END SOON WHAT ABOUT NOW!!!!!!!!!!!! Divorce was not common, but was not stigmatized as in the so-called white Christian culture of the time. The same pattern of mysterious deedshas surfaced recently in North Carolina, California and Virginia, where people professing to be members of the temple have claimed dozens of foreclosed homes. I salute my brother: He is the first man to bring Islam to us in the way he tried to bring it; and, I thank him and I thank Allah . Among the descendants of Africa there is still much wisdom to be learned in these days for the redemption of the sons of men underLove, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice. 8 (Aug 2014): 1-39, Grand Sheik Frederick Turner-El: A Moorish-American Trailblazer, Abdul Hamid Suleiman and the Origins of the Moorish Science Temple, The Muslim Expulsion from Spain: An Early Example of Religious and Ethnic Cleansing, Procopius of Caesarea and the Girgashite Diaspora, THE CONSTITUTION OF RACIAL POWER: A NONRACIALIST ANALYSIS, Washitaw de Dugdahmoundyah Counterfactual Religious Readings of the Law Spencer Dew, Reflections on Paradigms in Power: Imperialism and Americanization as a Modal Relationship Explaining the Treatment of Afrikans in the United States During and After Hurricane Katrina, De)slaving history: Mostafa al- Azemmouri, the sixteenth-century Moroccan captive in the tale of conquest, Short History of Spain, by Mary Platt Parmele, [Barbara Fuchs] Mimesis and Empire The New World,(Book Fi org), Bartolom de las Casas and the Defense of Amerindian Rights: A Brief History with Documents, "Ain't No Spook God": Religiosity in the Nation of Gods and Earths, A Forgotten Enchantment: The Silenced Princess, the Andalusian Warlord, and the Rescued Conclusion of" Sir Bertrand", Saavedra, Leonora Spanish Moors and Turkish Captives in fin de sicle Mexico. 80 Catherine Wessinger, How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate (New York: Seven Bridges Press, 2000), 160. He was born Timothy Drew on January 8, 1886, to parents who were ex-slaves in North Carolina. Propaganda is a method or medium used by organized peoples to convert others against their will. They were definitely black nationalists and also had their own dietary laws; but he was never able to determine whether they considered theirs to be a religious or political movement. on the Internet. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. The Official Newspaper for The Moorish Science Temple of America. Care of 300 Big Elk Mall Near. The . There was a time they didn't know what they know now. These were not the songs of the majority community; they are described as 'quaint,' with 'some jingle of words' and 'some music.' Members were instructed to carry Moorish passports with their real names, which were created by adding El, Bey or Ali to their given names. "The tribe sometimes built in monumental dimensions. 27 Noble Drew Ali has been compared with Marcus Garvey, founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Stephanie Neely, the city treasurer, deals regularly with giant banks and multimillion-dollar budgets. Fellow travelers follow similar tactics, like Randy Stroud of http://sovereigntactics.org/. The queens of the tribe were not merely the consorts of the patriarchs but important personages in their own right. Taj Tarik Bey Black and White Is a Legal Status, 8:02. for this article. Stop referring to yourself as negro, colored and Black for you are neither. 1, Share the Jewels of this site on social media, Florida (Seminoles / Yamassees), the eastern seaboard (Tuscaroras, Cherokees), and, indentured "servants" from Scottish-Irish [Celtic] descent), into the Ohio Territory (Ben Ishmaelite Tribe). It is the duty of every man who lives to redeem the name of his forefathers and not be herded in to a mass of weaklings. IF YOU STUDY THE SHRINERS, YOU FIND THAT THEIR LODGES ARE NUMBERED JUST LIKE ELIJAH MUHAMMADS MOSQUES. THE NOI ALSO HAS LESSONS IN THE FORM OF QUESTIONS, AND THE SHRINERS HAVE THE SAME.DAVID FORD-EL (MASTER FARD MUHAMMAD) WAS A MASONIC-SHRINER AND POSSIBLY A THEOSOPHY (ROSICRUCIAN) MEMBER. endobj Ali was a religious leader who many proclaimed a prophet. In most of the Chicago cases, the victims are banks that are foreclosing on properties. R. Jones-Bey, grand sheik and moderator of the Moorish Science Temple of America, said the church had no knowledge of the deeded properties in Chicago. Gnostic relating to esoteric and exoteric knowledge, the Universal Book of Law - Nature, Nature's Law; based on the five divine principles of Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom and Justice; knowing, able to discern, good at knowing; the ancient common law time immemorial. Such work of words can produce shocking results: Let's look up what a monster is, he says, but he pushes deeper into the definition to find the strand he needs. Edward E. Curtis IV and Danielle Brune Sigler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), 7090. 1 Bandele El-Amin, Moors, Moabite and Man: Reflection and Redemption (Middletown: Indigenous Peoples, 2011), 72. See Robert Dannin, Black Pilgrimage to Islam, photographs by Jolie Stahl (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 32. Prophet Noble Drew Ali: Saviour of Humanity is the first book about the life of Noble Drew Ali written from an insider of the Moorish movement, providing documentation not yet seen by the public eye. Kirkman Bey lostevery timehe took E. Mealy El to court. ACCORDING TO SEVERAL MOORISH ELDERS, IN THE PICTURE ON THE LEFT IN THE FAR BACK IS ELIJAH MUHAMMAD AT THE 1ST MOORISH SCIENCE TEMPLE OF AMERICA ANNUAL NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1928. Learn of your forefather's ancient and divine creed, that you may learn to love, instead of hate. The exotic language in the deeds appears to reflect the belief of many members of the Moorish movement that they have rights under a 1786 treaty in which Morocco recognized the United States and that they are therefore subject only to the laws of Morocco. Prophet Noble Drew Ali was the fifth Marquis de Masion Rouge by and through his mother, Eliza, a daughter of Sarah Tunica and Henry Joseph Turner. 17 Drew Ali, All Registering, Moorish Guide, October 26, 1928, Moorish Science Temple Papers, 19261967 (box 1, folder 5), Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York City. To be a citizen, to Ali, meant that one could not be rendered (legally speaking) into a "slave, an object, or a legal fiction" (2). 32 Sarif Anael Bey, March 13, 2013 (1:34 p.m.), comment on Azeem Hopkins-Bey, What is Our Free National Name?, Operation Proclamation, March 11, 2013, http://operationproclamation.org/subject-of-exposition-free-national-name.html. To add more books, click here . The Moors once ruled the world; now get ready to rule it again. TIMOTHY DREW AS A TRAIN EXPRESSMAN IN 1911. Drew (1988) manipulated Ali's myths to try siphon Ali's followers into his Ansarullah Community through an invented linear trajectory of black Islamic religious figures from Ali to Elijah Muhammad to himself in an unbroken-but-surreptitious chain of succession. "There was adance hall in each Ishmaelite neighborhood. They were still nomadic, traveling by car between Detroit and Philadelphia. MOABITE INDIGENOUS NATION TRUST PRESENRMENTS. The UNIA teaches our race self-help and self-reliance in all those things that contribute to human happiness and well-being. Marcus Garvey, 15. But have a pleasant personality and is willing to help you without making you feel inferior. MOORS KNOW THE LAW: SOVEREIGN LEGAL DISCOURSE IN Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, Centenary College of Louisiana, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Her funeral procession was marked by the rushing of the hearse and tribal carts at breakneck speed through a torrential downpour; it was referred to long after by the majority community as the day Susan 'Ishmael' was buried. He is interested in both common definition and legal definition of any given word, though he cautions, Legalese is its own separate language from common adage. He provides another example, stating, Right and license are antithetical to each other, if you consider their legal meanings. 15 Drew Ali, Political Slavery, Moorish Guide, February 15, 1929, Moorish Science Temple Papers, 19261967 (box 1, folder 5), Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, New York City. The Moorish sovereign citizen movement is a collection of independent organizations and lone individuals who emerged in the early 1990s as an offshoot of the antigovernment sovereign citizens movement, adherents of which believe that individual citizens hold sovereignty over, and are independent of, the authority of federal and state governments. http://www.rawstory.com//sovereign-citizens-express-fears/. Noble Drew Ali Hadiths; Videos. 10 The vision of vine and fig tree is from Drew Ali's Holy Koran. View all Google Scholar citations Noble Drew Ali, The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Foundations of a Nation (Lexington: Department of Supreme Wisdom, 2011), 128-29. 2023 The Moguldom Nation. Moorish Science Temple of America is a part of the Indiginous Nation. Mary Drew-Ali (the Prophets' second wife) began writing letters to the members. 8 (2014): 23. One day, women are going to be chasing men like a hound running after a rabbit. Noble Drew Ali, 12. Do you drive? [2] T he seeds of the NOI were planted in the soil of the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA) founded by Noble Drew Ali (1886-1929) in Newark, NJ in 1913. NOTE: THE SIMILARITIES BTWEEN THE ADEPT CHAMBER EMBLEM AND THE SHRINER'S INSIGNIA. Noble Drew Ali is in white in the front row center. ", The Ben Ishmael tribe consisted of 13 clans, each of which drew its name from the paramount family within the clan. 23 Moorish America, We Are All One Family Bearing One Free National Name, Moorish American News, December 24, 2013, http://moorishamericannews.com/we-are-all-one-family-bearing-one-free-national-name#sthash.Mke8GJHg.dpbs. Original filename: Noble-Dru-Ali-Express-Trust.pdf URL: https://pdf.yt/d/D6envuAE4Ft2misG Upload date: September 16, 2014 10:21:15 Addeddate 74 Eric Mungin Bey, Discover the Key to the Moorish Questions: A Study Guide for All Moorish Americans (Bloomington: Xlibris, 2009). They appeal to the streets, said John Hagedorn, professor of criminal justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago. As a sovereign, Stroud argues that the United States is a corporation. We have no affiliations with them., C. Fuqua-Bey, the temples grand governor of Michigan, who is familiar with the issue, said the church had been victimized. Most African Americans, Ali contended, are actually of Moorish descent. Lesser known today than Louis Farrakhan, the Nation of Islam leader, Mr. Drew Ali foreshadowed the rise of the Black Muslim movement when he founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in New Jersey in 1913. on September 16, 2014, There are no reviews yet. In the larger Islamic community, Noble Drew Ali can only be considered non-legislative warner that taught the perfected religion of the legislative prophet (Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)) that was the seal of legislative prophethood. Noble Drew Ali embraced American citizenship to the point of sacralizing it. Form 56 - Notice Concerning Fiduciary Relationship - MASTER, Notice of Respondents "Special Appearance"[Tier 4], MNRFG-A020_Writ of Discovery - Averment of Jurisdiction Quo Warranto - Default Notice, International Affidavit of Universal Commercial Code 1, MACN-A006_International Affidavit of UCC1 Financial Statement [NOMBRE DE LA CORPORACIN AQU]. Once the document is notarized and a fee is paid to the recorder of deeds, the document is part of the official record of ownership. We do so here by recognizing one of our great forebears in the wilderness of North America. Why is the noble prophet not taught in "Black" history? 11 In the short piece Nick Named, Drew Ali writes. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality, MACN-A006_International Affidavit of UCC1 Financial Statement, MACN-A006_International Affidavit of UCC1 Financial Statement [MASTER] - NEW VERSION without COLLATERAL, MACN-A006_International Affidavit of UCC1 Financial Statement [NOMBRE DE LA CORPORACIN AQU] Nation Of Islam. The Moorish Science Temple of America (a religious corporation) was founded by our Divine Prophet Noble Drew Ali in 1913 A.D. We have consistently demonstrated plans for the betterment of mankind, teaching those things that make our people better citizens. Monday 13 March 2023 1:33PM Noble Drew Ali, A Moor descendant of the Ancient Moabites was born in the North Carolina Territory, Northwest Africa (America), in the year 1886 A.D., 1306 M.C. Noble Drew Ali, Prophet shut them down in 1928, on August 1, when he had the Express Trust Recorded . Here are 24 quotes that have been attributed to Noble Drew Ali and Marcus Garvey from their pupils and written works. On August 1, 1928, it was changed to a religious corporation, "because the work was largely religious". 73 Taj Tariq Bey on the Battlefield, 11:26 and 13:47. Prophet Noble Drew Ali took several stop gap measures to secure our [Moors] birthright inheritance and beneficiary interest as Moors to the land mass within the aforementioned land mandate, in which was "part and parcel" of the "Vast Estate" Express Trust. There have been other organizations that have been calling themselves the Moorish Science Temple of America, said Mr. Jones-Bey, who is based at the temples headquarters in Washington. Robyn Ziegler, Ms. Madigans spokeswoman, confirmed that Ms. Madigan was looking into the matter. Divorce could be obtained "by mutual consent or on the demand of either partner. Hostname: page-component-789cc574b8-jngkm Title 28, Part 4, Chapter 97 Subsection 1603 (Jurisdictional immunities of foreign states), U.S.C. 15. 36 El Amin, Nationality, 45 (In this and following citations to El Amin, italics are original unless otherwise noted.). In late September 1929, police fought an out-and-out battle with the Moors. This Zodiac Constitution was central in the arrest of one hundred New York City employees on tax evasion charges in 1997. See Edward E. Curtis IV, Debating the Origins of the Moorish Science Temple: Toward a New Cultural History, in The New Black Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Study of African American Religions, ed. Be careful Moors, some of your own will put you back into slavery. Noble Drew Ali, 16. Like the Prophet Muhammad, Noble Drew Ali apparently named no successor on his deathbed; and as with Islam after Muhammad's death, the Moorish movement split into warring factions. \e!\R]MoWeX(xs. In these modern days there came a forerunner (John, the Baptist) of Jesus, who was divinely prepared by the great God-Allah and his name is, Colonel: C. Kirkman Bey with that marked Fez. Its superintendent, Dr. Oscar C. McCulloch (author of one of the eugenics-oriented Ishmaelite studies), began to agitate for the enactment of eugenics laws. There is undoubtedly a lot of room for scholarship in this area. Music was a crucial focal point for the Ben Ishmael tribe. There they inter-married with Natives (Shawnees) who had lost their land to the earlycolonists and had moved inland to territory set aside for them by their allied tribes. A Chicago News Cooperative investigation has found that people purporting to be members of the Moorish Science Temple have filed dozens of bogus deeds claiming ownership of local properties estimated to be worth more than $10 million. Her people had many oral legends about her. endobj The only devil from which men must be redeemed is self, the lower seld, if man would find his devil, he must look within. Let the bonds of affection, therefore, unite thee with thy brothers, that peace and happiness may dwell in thy father's house. In 1905 such a bill was introduced in the Indiana legislature, and in 1907 the first compulsory sterilization law in the world was enacted by the state of Indiana. Uploaded by 57. By 1928 there were 15 temples in various states, nationwide. stream In addition to E*Trade Bank, lenders caught up in the scheme include Deutsche Bank, Fifth Third Bank, CitiMortgage and JPMorgan Chase. Among the many individuals and groups espousing affiliation with the Moorish Science Temple of America movement, some continue founding prophet Noble Drew Ali's emphasis on engaging in American citizenship as a religious duty, while others interpret the prophet's scriptures to lend authority to claims of being outside the jurisdiction of American legal authority. HE TAUGHT US THAT MASTER FARD MUHAMMAD WAS BORN ON FEBRUARY 26, 1877 IN MECCA, ARABIA. E. Braswell BeySupreme Grand Sheik and Chairman, 2022 by Moorish Science Temple of America, Get critical information about our Movement, Access verified lessons and content from Amexem.com, "Come all ye Asiatics of America and hear the truth about your nationality and birthrights", We Are Citizens of The United States of America (U.S.A.). : printed by author, 2009) and Robert Hart, Citizen/Slave: Understanding the American Sovereign Spirit (Pittsburgh: Rose Dog Books, 2005). The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali (born as Timothy Drew) in the early twentieth century. literary foundations for the divine and gnostical nature of this trust 4 web noble drew ali was the founder and prophet of the moorish science temple of america the first mass religious community The mansion [sic] was a refuge, with a dozen places for hiding and escape. 16 Elect AndersonProphet, reads the headline of the February 1, 1929, Moorish Guide, instructing readers to vote for Louis Anderson for Second Ward alderman and Oscar De Priest for Congress. If you are men, American citizens speak up for yourselves or it will never be done. FEBRUARY 26, 1877 WAS THE BIRTH OF THE ANCIENT ARABIC ORDER OF THE NOBLES OF THE MYSTIC SHRINE AND ITS INCORPORATION IN THE WEST BY WALTER FLEMING AND WILLIAM FLORENCE http://www.bucklesunlimited.com/images/Found.gif This man carried on the trust placed in him, faced with great odds. The coming of Prophet Drew Ali came at a time when members of his race began to understand the God Degree that God set him as ruler of the land (Surah 2, vs. 30). More mystically, he sees occult meaning in the antiquated prophecy of the book of Revelation, referencing as it does the leaves of a curious unnamed tree [through which] the health of a nation might experience restoration. He writes, Etymological research has revealed that words like leaf, tree, branch, root, folio, liber and other such appelatives from the rich vernacular of Botany, has, since remotest antiquity, been employed by diverse cultures when referencing the varied instruments and technical formats of graphic communication or language, a scientific claim that allows him, via some more comparative readings of texts, to reveal the secret of the Trees of Paradise, of Knowledge, and of Life (11). Garvey was a Jamaican immigrant who was an outspoken civil rights activist, journalist and entrepreneur. PROPHET NOBLE DREW ALI AND 1st WIFE PEARL DREW ALI IN THE UNITY HALL HEADQUARTERS' OFFICE. "Reports frequently mention nobility and other notable members of the tribe of Ishmael, persons of striking character who were especially esteemed by the Ishmaelites. NOTE: THE SAME LIPS, EARS, NOSE AND ETCMOORS FOR YEARS HAVE STATED THAT THIS IS DAVID FORD-EL, THE SAME ONE CALLED MASTER FARD MUHAMMAD ETC ELIJAH MUHAMMAD TAUGHT THAT WE CELEBRATE SAVIOURS DAY IN THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY TO COMMEMORATE THE BIRTH OF OUR SAVIOR, MASTER FARD MUHAMMAD. 70 Pictures of Our Moorish Supreme Court of Equity and Truth, Moor News (blog), Moorish Science Temple, November 9, 2012, http://moorishamericannationalrepublic.com/news_categories/moor-news/page/9/. :ki_+ZWr]-+\yW/?jzL g$294[ &tHa`L{eqbv^N4rv+ @nTRSdNv_`*j#EV 0*uST%*H}]$}hqDJ"`ao8x85 .L IgYG9ZP:Nl_pzOmi$`)h`0 IVZH8B"I#5g&MwqwqWF= A'~> gR&~2p* H0jZb,Y&$'v'Ylu:m'&?9Mi$@k='tGK_,i&a@L 8vENLWgQ5cR%@>f?Pt{33?gR.=.89{)MHuLJmB])#B/[p{q[XWltP}dPf>9dxOrZB$*Iy'giW:,,5$]$k`U6~ZXG4-X2*@(LM% 4qioc^9$!DLI>SHciT`p r&u|pP_;:9/eoGFs_@/cA.acvc21ftf=}fJN50m4M*2D"C^WU+Q1w3d/vk7g;;-4P'~TYxU.0u|.,XB,jQ&HT.ff?qP:uwB\}z8.3uJhYVt`b63\D=ILtsP+Zj\W]3,7:Z*~+H0A: The mysterious deed could throw Ms. Neelys house into a legal quagmire. Forever Moor Inc.Noble Drew Ali Foundation & TRUST The citizens of all free National Governments according to their National Constitution are all of one family, bearing one free National name. 2001). For example he defines consent as [v]oluntary compliance with government. 7 Noble Drew Ali, A Warning from the Prophet in 1928 (Chicago: Young Men Moorish National Business League, 1928). The establishment of the Canaanite Temple in Newark, NJ two years before Garvey's arrival in 1915 places Noble Drew Ali at the forefront of a major black migration from the South to the . See also, Robert B. Vale, Islam Calls in Lombard St., Philadelphia Sunday News, October 21, 1934, which details how thousands flock to see the Chicago mystic who proclaimed himself as a reincarnation of both Muhammad and Drew Ali. Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew, was among the first people to introduce Islam to African Americans through his movement. Those who fail to recognize the free National name of their . Other articles where Noble Drew Ali is discussed: Moorish Science Temple of America: (1886-1929), known to followers as Noble Drew Ali and also as the Prophet. NOBLE DREW ALI The industrious acts of the Moslems of the northwest and southwest Africa. 1 0 obj It is difficult to discern the events of Ali's life because his followers believed he was a prophet and have combined legends with Ali's actual life story. Weve had to take people to court on identity theft, Mr. Fuqua-Bey said. shelved 1,254 times Showing 19 distinct works. <> For instance, he explains that They call our children pickaninnies. If I were you, I would get ready before you are made to do so. Noble Drew Ali, 20. Noble Drew Ali left his human form July 20, 1929 after giving to his Moorish Peoples everything it takes to save themselves as a nation. Canonum De Ius Rex Canons of Sovereign Law, THE MULTIFARIOUS JIHADS OF MALCOLM X: FROM MALCOLM LITTLE TO EL HAJJ MALIK EL-SHABAZZ QUOTE: I AM ALL THAT I HAVE BEEN, Early Studies in Black Nationalism, Cults, and Churches in Chicago, A Critical Enquiry of Racism in America.pdf, A Critical Enquiry of Racism 'within the idioms of religion' in America, The Moorish American Scholar NATIONALITY, IS THE ORDER OF THE DAY, Before the Fez- The Life and Times of Noble Drew Ali 1886-1924, Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion, Vol 5, No.

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