48 The common people, meanwhile, who had at first, from a desire of change in the government, been to much inclined to war, having, on the discovery of the plot, altered their sentiments, began to execrate the projects of Catiline, to extol Cicero to the skies; and, as if rescued from slavery, to give proofs of joy and exultation. They further appointed that the schools of gladiators should be distributed in Capua and other municipal towns, according to the capacity of each; and that, at Rome, watches should be posted throughout the city, of which the inferior magistrates should have the charge. From a wealthy Sabine plebian family, he rose through the political ranks of the Republic to claim a seat in the Senate in his thirties. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sallust. For his guilty mind, at peace with neither gods nor men, found no comfort either waking or sleeping; so effectually did conscience desolate his tortured spirit. In the first place, such as everywhere took the lead in crime and profligacy, with others who had squandered their fortunes in dissipation, and, in a word, all whom vice and villainy had driven from their homes, had flocked to Rome as a general receptacle of impurity. XIV, 191) Martial. [2], Sallust was probably born in Amiternum in Central Italy,[3][4][5] though Eduard Schwartz takes the view that Sallust's birthplace was Rome. For, at the very beginning of his consulship, he had, by making many promises through Fulvia, prevailed on Quintus Curius, whom I have already mentioned, to give him secret information of Catilines proceedings. Catiline, during this time, was exerting himself with his light troops in the front, sustaining such as were pressed, substituting fresh men for the wounded, attending to every exigency, charging in person, wounding many an enemy and performing at once the duties of a valiant soldier and a skillful general. monograph, Bellum Catilinae (4342 bc; Catilines War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining. But he only, indeed, seems to me to live, and to enjoy life, who, intent upon some employment, seeks reputation from some ennobling enterprise, or honorable pursuit. Students are expected to have prepared the assigned text well enough to read it with minimal difficulty and discuss grammatical constructions. [73] Among those who borrowed information from his works were Silius Italicus, Lucan, Plutarch, and Ammianus Marcellinus. [10][27] This campaign was unsuccessful. Gaius Sallustius Crispus, generally known simply as Sallust, (86-34 BC), a Roman historian, belonged to a well-known plebeian family, and was born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines. Was it intended to render you indignant at the conspiracy? 3. XIX.Speech to the conspirators, XX.His promises to them, XXI.His supposed ceremony to unite them, XXII.His designs discovered by Fulvia, XXIII.His alarm on the election of Cicero to the consulship, and his design in engaging women in his cause, XXIV.His accomplice, Sempronia, characterized, XXV.His ambition of the consulship, his plot to assassinate Cicero, and his disappointment in both, XXVI.His mission of Manlius into Etruria, and his second convention of the conspirators, XXVII.His second attempt to kill Cicero; his directions to Manlius well observed, XXVIII.His machinations induce the Senate to confer extraordinary power on the consuls, XXIX.His proceedings are opposed by various precautions, XXX.His effrontery in the Senate, XXXI.He sets out for Etruria, XXXII.His accomplice, Manlius, sends a deputation to Marcius, XXXIII.His representations to various respectable characters, XXXIV.His letter to Catulus, XXXV.His arrival at Manliuss camp; he is declared an enemy by the Senate; his adherents continue faithful and resolute, XXXVI.The discontent and disaffection of the populace in Rome, XXXVII.The old contentions between the patricians and plebeians, XXXVIII.The effect which a victory of Catiline would have produced, XXXIX.The Allobroges are solicited to engage in the conspiracy, XL.They discover it to Cicero, XLI.The incaution of Catilines accomplices in Gaul and Italy, XLII.The plans of his adherents at Rome, XLIII.The Allobroges succeed in obtaining proofs of the conspirators guilt, XLIV.The Allobroges and Volturcius are arrested by the contrivance of Cicero, XLV.The principal conspirators at Rome are brought before the Senate, XLVI.The evidence against them, and their consignment to custody, XLVII.The alteration in the minds of the populace, and the suspicions entertained against Crassus, XLVIII.The attempts of Catulus and Piso to criminate Caesar, XLIX.The plans of Lentulus and Cethegus for their rescue, and the deliberations of the Senate, L.The speech of Caesar on the mode of punishing the conspirators, LI.The speech of Cato on the same subject, LII.The condemnation of the prisoners; the causes of Roman greatness, LIII.Parallel between Caesar and Cato, LIV.The execution of the criminals, LV.Catilines warlike preparations in Etruria, LVI.He is compelled by Metellus and Antonius to hazard an action, LVII.His exhortation to his men, LVIII.His arrangements, and those of his opponents, for the battle, LIX.His bravery, defeat, and death, LX., LXI. Conjuration de Catilina - French. In consequence of these rumors, Quintus Marcius Rex was dispatched, by a decree of the senate, to Faesulae, and Quintus Metellus Creticus into Apulia and the parts adjacent, both which officers, with the title of commanders, were waiting near the city, having been prevented from entering in triumph, by the malice of a cabal, whose custom was to ask a price for everything, whether honorable or infamous. Is it not better to die in a glorious attempt, than, after having been the sport of other mens insolence, to resign a wretched and degraded existence with ignominy? Being naturally bold, sanguine, and prompt to act, he thought that success depended on rapidity of execution. Caesar, in fine, had applied himself to a life of energy and activity; intent upon the interests of his friends, he was neglectful of his own; he refused nothing to others that was worthy of acceptance, while for himself he desired great power, the command of an army, and a new war in which his talents might be displayed. All our He has great interest in moralising, and for this reason, he tends to paint an exaggerated picture of the senate's faults he analyses events in terms of a simplistic opposition between the self-interest of Roman politicians and the "public good" that shows little understanding of how the Roman political system actually functioned[71] The reality was more complicated than Sallust's simplistic moralising would suggest. This item is available to borrow from 1library branch. The classification is based on the existence of the lacuna (gap) between 103.2 and 112.3 of the Jugurthine War. Sallusts Contribution to Roman Historiography 4. [41] It shows no traces of personal recollections on the conspiracy, perhaps indicating the Sallust was out of the city on military service at the time. 60 When he had made a complete survey, he gave the signal with the trumpet, and ordered the cohorts to advance slowly. The question, however, at present under discussion, is not whether we live in a good or bad state of morals; nor how great, or how splendid, the empire of the Roman people is; but whether these things around us, of whatever value they are, are to continue our own, or to fall, with ourselves, into the hands of the enemy. I could easily mention, Conscript Fathers, numerous examples of kings and nations, who, swayed by resentment or compassion, have adopted injudicious courses of conduct; but I had rather speak of those instances in which our ancestors, in opposition to the impulse of passion, acted with wisdom and sound policy. 57 When it was reported in his camp, however, that the conspiracy had been discovered at Rome, and that Lentulus, Cethegus, and the rest whom I have named, had been put to death, most of those whom the hope of plunder, or the love of change, had led to join in the war, fell away. He is the earliest known Latin-language Roman historian with surviving works to his name, of which Conspiracy of Catiline (on the eponymous conspiracy), The Jugurthine War (on the eponymous war), and the Histories (of which only fragments survive) remain extant. The Myth of Numidian Origins in Sallust's African Excursus (Iugurtha 17.7-18. John C. Rolfe (1921) (transcription project) This work was published before January 1, 1928, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago. But such mercy, and such clemency, if they turn those arms against you, will end in misery to yourselves. But his own experiences in politics imbued his analysis and his idiom with an energy and passion that compel the attention of readers. It is always unbounded and insatiable, and is abated neither by abundance nor by want. Thus, the merit of those who have acted is estimated at the highest point to which illustrious intellects could exalt it in their writings. WebIt is Sallust's first published work, detailing the attempt by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63 BC. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [37] According to Procopius, when Alaric's invading army entered Rome they burned Sallust's house. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, "Review of: The Breakdown of the Roman Republic: From Oligarchy to Empire", "Review of "The Political Thought of Sallust" by DC Earl", "A Traditional Pattern of Imitation in Sallust and His Sources", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sallust&oldid=1147469638, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox military person with embed, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 March 2023, at 04:52. During his year, Sallust supported the prosecution of Milo. 2 In early times, accordingly, kings (for that was the first title of sovereignty in the world) applied themselves in different ways; some exercised the mind, others the body. If such had been the case, we should enjoy it in a most excellent condition; for of allies and citizens, as well as arms and horses, we have a much greater abundance than they had. Yet many human beings, resigned to sensuality and indolence, uninstructed and unimproved, have passed through life like travelers in a strange country; to whom, certainly, contrary to the intention of nature, the body was a gratification, and the mind a burden. Also importantly, much of Sallust's anti-corruption moralising is "blunted by his sanctimonious tone and by ancient accusations of corruption, which have made him out to be a remarkable hypocrite". This war provided the opportunity for the rise to the consulship of Gaius Marius, who, like Sallust and Cicero, was a new man. His accession to power represented a successful attack on the traditionally exclusive Roman political elite, but it caused the kind of political conflict that, in Sallusts view, resulted in war and ruin. To recognize basic rhetorical devices used by Sallust. A separate page lists some of these for aid in reading. 7 At this period every citizen began to seek distinction, and to display his talents with greater freedom; for, with princes, the meritorious are greater objects of suspicion than the undeserving, and to them the worth of others is a source of alarm. In the trial that followed, Cicero defended Milo, while Sallust and his fellow tribunes harangued the people in speeches attacking Cicero. WebThe book accords one chapter each to Sallust's Bellum Catilinae, Livy's account of the Bacchanalian affair,Tacitus on the Pisonian conspiracy, and Josephus and Appian on the assassinations of Caligula and Julius with a summary at the end of each to guide the reader's comprehension of the whole. Not all translations are grammatically faithful to the original. Hither also he ordered Valerius Flaccus, the praetor, to bring the box with the letters which he had taken from the deputies. Indeed, alarmed contemporaries may have exaggerated the significance of the incident; yet, had the government not acted as firmly as it did (effectively declaring martial law), a catastrophe could have occurred. As a writer, Sallust was primarily influenced by the works of the 5th-century BC Greek historian Thucydides. There was no army in Italy; Pompey was fighting in a distant part of the world; he himself had great hopes of obtaining the consulship; the senate was wholly off its guard; everything was quiet and tranquil, and all these circumstances were exceedingly favorable for Catiline. I now commend and entrust Orestilla to your protection; entreating you, by your love for your own children, to defend her from injury. 50 While these occurrences were passing in the senate, and while rewards were being voted, on approbation of their evidence, to the Allobrogian deputies and to Titus Volturcius, the freedmen, and some of the other dependents of Lentulus, were urging the artisans and slaves, in various directions throughout the city, to attempt his rescue; some, too, applied to the ringleaders of the mob, who were always ready to disturb the state for pay. THE INTRODUCTION, I.-IV.The character of Catiline, V.Virtues of the ancient Romans, VI.-IX.Degeneracy of their posterity, X.-XIII.Catilines associates and supporters, and the arts by which he collected them, XIV.His crimes and wretchedness, XV.His tuition of his accomplices, and resolution to subvert the government, XVI.His convocation of the conspirators, and their names, XVII.His concern in a former conspiracy, XVIII. It could not be otherwise in the circumstances: the conspiracy of Catiline was the chosen subject of his first historical essay, and he agreed with Cicero that it was a crime unparalleled to that date. But at power or wealth, for the sake of which wars, and all kinds of strife, arise among mankind, we do not aim; we desire only our liberty, which no honorable man relinquishes but with life. Great anxiety, and great joy, affected him at the same moment. WebSallust, Bellum Catilinae. But among the Romans there was never any such abundance of writers; for, with them, the most able men were the most actively employed. [50], On the whole, antiquity looked favourably on Sallust as a historian. [48], The core theme of his work was decline, though his treatment of Roman politics was "often crude", with a historical philosophy influenced by Thucydides. 52 When Caesar had ended his speech, the rest briefly expressed their assent, some to one speaker, and some to another, in support of their different proposals; but Marcus Porcius Cato, being asked his opinion, made a speech to the following purport: His only recorded action was unsuccessful. His monographs excel in suggesting larger themes in the treatment of particular episodes. 56 During these proceedings at Rome, Catiline, out of the entire force which he himself had brought with him, and that which Manlius had previously collected, formed two legions, filling up the cohorts as far as his numbers would allow; and afterwards, as any volunteers, or recruits from his confederates, arrived in his camp, he distributed them equally throughout the cohorts, and thus filled up his legions, in a short time, with their regular number of men, though at first he had not had more than two thousand. When Lentulus had been let down into this place, certain men, to whom orders had been given, strangled him with a cord. 62 terms. Sallust did not participate in military operations directly, but he commanded several ships and organized supply through the Kerkennah Islands. For whenever any one coveted the mansion or villa, or even the plate or apparel of another, he exerted his influence to have him numbered among the proscribed. Yet the unrelenting spirit of Catiline persisted in the same purposes, notwithstanding the precautions that were adopted against him, and though he himself was accused by Lucius Paullus under the Plautian law. Who I am, you will learn from the person whom I have sent to you. Ahlberg, Axel Wilhelm, editor. [84] The "V" scroll also includes two anonymous letters to Caesar probably from Sallust,[84] but their authenticity is debated. [51] At the same time, however, he conveyed a "starry-eyed and romantic picture" of the republic before 146BC, with this period described in terms of "implausibly untrammelled virtue" that romanticised the distant past. Theodor Mommsen suggested that Sallust particularly wished to clear his patron (Caesar) of all complicity in the conspiracy. Being a military man, and having served with great reputation, for more than thirty years, as tribune, praefect, lieutenant, or praetor, he knew most of the soldiers and their honorable actions, and, by calling these to their remembrance, roused the spirits of the men. The consul, when he heard that these things were in agitation, having distributed armed bodies of men, as the circumstances and occasion demanded, called a meeting of the senate, and desired to know what they wished to be done concerning those who had been committed to custody. A full senate, however, had but a short time before declared them traitors to their country. But as I have, on many remarkable occasions, experienced your bravery and attachment to me, I have ventured to engage in a most important and glorious enterprise. [60], This style itself called for "a 'return to values'" which was "made to recall the austere life of the idealised ancient Roman", with archaisms and abrupt writing contrasted against Cicero's "adornment" as present decadence was contrasted with ancient virtues. 12 terms. Will you not, then awake to action? However, Sallust successfully managed the organization of supply and transportation, and these qualities could have determined Caesar's choice. When, therefore, he had learned his route from some deserters, he immediately broke up his camp, and took his post at the very foot of the hills, at the point where Catilines descent would be, in his hurried march into Gaul. The opportunity, too, seemed favorable for such an accusation; for Caesar, by extraordinary generosity in private, and by magnificent exhibitions in public, had fallen greatly into debt. In such contests there was neither moderation nor limit; each party made a merciless use of its successes. I myself, however, when a young man, was at first led by inclination, like most others, to engage in political affairs; but in that pursuit many circumstances were unfavorable to me; for, instead of modesty, temperance, and integrity, there prevailed shamelessness, corruption, and rapacity. Shortly after Catiline, being brought to trial for extortion, had been prevented from standing for the consulship, because he had been unable to declare himself a candidate within the legitimate number of days. The name of his father was Caius Sallustius; 3 that of his mother is unknown. Catiline, before the conspiracy, had been complicit in the Sullan regime; while his family had not reached Slaves, meanwhile, of whom vast numbers had at first flocked to him, he continued to reject, not only as depending on the strength of the conspiracy, but as thinking impolitic to appear to share the cause of citizens with runagates. But he left in charge Lentulus and Cethegus, and others of whose prompt determination he was assured, to strengthen the interests of their party in every possible way, to forward the plots against the consul, and to make arrangements for a massacre, for firing the city, and for other destructive operations of war; promising that he himself would shortly advance on the city with a large army. Sallust's Bellum Catilinae (select chapters) 38 terms. [38], Sallust's monographs of the Catiline conspiracy (De coniuratione Catilinae or Bellum Catilinae) and the Jugurthine War (Bellum Jugurthinum) have come down to us complete, together with fragments of his larger and most important work (Historiae), a history of Rome from 78 to 67BC. At last, however, when none of his numerous projects succeeded, he again, with the aid of Marcus Porcius Laeca, convoked the leaders of the conspiracy in the dead of night, when, after many complaints of their apathy, he informed them that he had sent forward Manlius to that body of men whom he had prepared to take up arms; and others of the confederates into other eligible places, to make a commencement of hostilities; and that he himself was eager to set out to the army, if he could but first cut off Cicero, who was the chief obstruction to his measures. Such has been the inhumanity of the usurers and of the praetor. The Gauls made a similar confession, and charged Lentulus, who began to affect ignorance, not only with the letter to Catiline, but with remarks which he was in the habit of making, that the sovereignty of Rome, by the Sibylline books, was predestined to three Cornelii, that Cinna and Sylla had ruled already; and that he himself was the third, whose fate it would be to govern the city; and that this, too, was the twentieth year since the Capitol was burnt; a year which the augurs, from certain omens, had often said would be stained with the blood of civil war. See Bchner (n.l above), 246f. 24 Accordingly, when the comitia were held, Marcus Tullius and Caius Antonius were declared consuls; an event which gave the first shock to the conspirators. [citation needed], In writing about the conspiracy of Catiline, Sallust's tone, style, and descriptions of aristocratic behaviour illustrate "the political and moral decline of Rome, begun after the fall of Carthage, quickening after Sulla's dictatorship, and spreading from the dissolute nobility to infect all Roman politics". Two armies of the enemy, one on the side of Rome, and the other on that of Gaul, oppose our progress; while the want of grain, and of other necessaries, prevents us from remaining, however strongly we may desire to remain, in our present position. Fulvia, having learned the cause of his extravagant behavior, did not keep such danger to the state a secret; but, without naming her informant, communicated to several persons what she had heard, and under what circumstances, concerning Catilines conspiracy. Sallust, as praetor designatus and serving as one of Caesar's legates,[30] with several other senators, was sent to persuade the soldiers to abstain, but the rebels killed two senators, and Sallust narrowly escaped death.[19]. The most ancient scrolls which survive are the Codex Parisinus 16024 and Codex Parisinus 16025, known as "P" and "A" respectively. For, in affairs of war, it is necessary to plan before beginning to act, and, after planning, to act with promptitude and vigor. 30 A few days afterwards, Lucius Saenius, a senator, read to the senate a letter, which, he said, he had received from Faesulae, and in which it was stated that Caius Manlius, with a large force, had taken the field by the 27th of October. This course will investigate closely the assigned text, with only sporadic comments on the historical and social background. [4], After an ill-spent youth, Sallust entered public life and may have won election as quaestor in 55BC. But there were other things which made them great, but which among us have no existence; such as industry at home, equitable government abroad, and minds impartial in council, uninfluenced by any immoral or improper feeling. 36 Catiline himself, having stayed a few days with Caius Flaminius Flamma in the neighborhood of Arretium while he was supplying the adjacent parts, already excited to insurrection, with arms, marched with the fasces, and other ensigns of authority, to join Manlius in his camp. When the city is taken, no power is left to the vanquished. In the next place, many, who thought of the success of Sylla, when they had seen some raised from common soldiers into senators, and others so enriched as to live in regal luxury and pomp, hoped, each for himself, similar results from victory, if they should once take up arms. Our years are fresh, our spirit is unbroken; among our oppressors, on the contrary, through age and wealth, a general debility has been produced. [5][16][17] The "earliest certain information" on his career is his terms as plebeian tribune in 52 BC, the year in which the followers of Milo killed Clodius. An "acceleration" reader exists on-line for Sallust, located here. For, to state the truth in few words whatever parties, during that period, disturbed the republic under plausible pretexts, some, as if to defend the rights of the people, others, to make the authority of the senate as great as possible, all, though affecting concern for the public good, contended everyone for his own interest. Having then sent away the horses of all the cavalry, in order to increase the mens courage by making their danger equal, he himself on foot, drew up his troops suitably to their numbers and the nature of the ground. He, moreover, assailed all the respectable citizens with reproaches, commended each of his associates by name, reminded one of his poverty, another of his ruling passion, several others of their danger or disgrace, and many of the spoils which they had obtained by the victory of Sylla. He remained in office until 45 or early 44. 1. I shall accordingly give a brief account with as much truth as I can, of the Conspiracy of Catiline; for I think it an enterprise eminently deserving of record, from the unusual nature both of its guilt and of its perils. The case is, assuredly, dangerous, but you do not fear it; yes, you fear it greatly, but you hesitate how to act, through weakness and want of spirit, waiting one for another, and trusting to the immortal gods, who have so often preserved your country in the greatest dangers. His moral and political values are traditional; they commemorate the past to castigate the present. In particular, Sallust shows Catiline as deeply courageous in his final battle. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became a partisan of Julius Caesar (100 to 44 BC), circa 50s BC. His brief style influenced, among others, Widukind of Corvey and Wipo of Burgundy. 10 But when, by perseverance and integrity, the republic had increased its power; when mighty princes had been vanquished in war; when barbarous tribes and populous states had been reduced to subjection; when Carthage, the rival of Romes dominion, had been utterly destroyed, and sea and land lay everywhere open to her sway, Fortune then began to exercise her tyranny, and to introduce universal innovation. WebSallust's Bellum Catilinae Resource Information The item Sallust's Bellum Catilinaerepresents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Missouri University of Science & Technology Library. Web1 It becomes all men, who desire to excel other animals, to strive, to the utmost of their power, not to pass through life in obscurity, like the beasts of the field, which We might, with the utmost ignominy, have passed the rest of our days in exile. 3 To act well for the Commonwealth is noble, and even to speak well for it is not without merits. Success unsettles the principles even of the wise, and scarcely would those of debauched habits use victory with moderation. But he also had the backing of Italys dissatisfied veterans, impoverished peasants, and overburdened debtors. And to the delight of moralists he revealed that Roman politics were not all that official rhetoric depicted them to be. They threw aside their missiles, and fought only with their swords. - 34 B.C. [39], His brief monographs his work on Catiline, for example, is shorter than the shortest of Livy's volumes were the first books of their form attested at Rome. [47] Historians regret the loss of the work, as it must have thrown much light on a very eventful period, embracing the war against Sertorius (died 72 BC), the campaigns of Lucullus against Mithradates VI of Pontus (75-66 BC), and the victories of Pompey in the East (6662 BC). Epigrams, XIV, 191: Hic erit, ut perhibent doctorum corda virorum, // Primus Romana Crispus in historia. At first the love of money, and then that of power, began to prevail, and these became, as it were, the sources of every evil. 43 But at Rome, in the mean time, Lentulus, with the other leaders of the conspiracy, having secured what they thought a large force, had arranged, that as soon as Catiline should reach the neighborhood of Faesulae, Lucius Bestia, a tribune of the people, having called an assembly, should complain of the proceedings of Cicero, and lay the odium of this most oppressive war on the excellent consul; and that the rest of the conspirators, taking this as a signal, should, on the following night, proceed to execute their respective parts. That this attack on his character was made by Cicero, I afterwards heard Crassus himself assert. He himself, having posted the necessary guards conducted Lentulus to the prison; and the same office was performed for the rest by the praetors. He makes no attack on the structure of the Roman state. Catiline and Autronius, having concerted measures with this Piso, prepared to assassinate the consuls, Lucius Cotta and Lucius Torquatus, in the Capitol, on the first of February, when they, having seized on the fasces, were to send Piso with an army to take possession of the two Spains. With his trademark archaizing style, Sallust skillfully captures the drama of the times, including an early morning attempt to assassinate the consul Cicero and two emotionally charged speeches, by Julius Caesar and Cato the Younger, in a senatorial debate over the fate of the arrested conspirators. Complete survey, he gave the signal with the trumpet, and is neither. Organization of supply and transportation, and these qualities could have determined Caesar 's choice whom! Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions while every effort has been the inhumanity the! Of Burgundy 1library branch his patron ( Caesar ) of all complicity the! 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