In: Fathead minnows in Europe, UK: Cefas-Lowestoft and Bournemouth University. P. promelas is similar to other minnows but can generally be differentiated by the high number of small pre-dorsal scales, which are noticeably smaller than those scales on the sides. There has been selective breeding of a red colour morph of P. promelas, which is commonly known as the rosy red minnow. Functional morphology of the dorsal pad in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque), 103(1):65-72. Ideally, these fish should be housed in temperatures between 50 and 85 degrees, but they can be kept in waters that are as cold as freezing or as hot as 100 degrees. They will also feed on bottom dentritus. The fishes of New Mexico. It has been used for mosquito control in sloughs, ponds, ditches and storm water drainage channels. Compendium record. Non Indigenous Aquatic Species Database., Reston, Virginia, USA: US Geology Surveys. If you are stocking your pond with Bass or Bluegill, Fathead Minnows are a wonderful simultaneous addition for adding forage to your pond. The carnivorous portion of their diet is comprised mainly of insects, crustaceans, aquatic invertebrates as well as zooplankton. Flickenger SA, 1969. A temperature of approximately 18 °C is often considered an optimum breeding temperature for natural populations of fathead minnows across most of their range. They are omnivore filter feeders, often sifting through dirt and silt to find food. 2, Control, 26 °C, ff). Once the water warms to 84F or higher, spawning stops. Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/. After spawning, the male chases the female away from the nest and then guards the eggs until they hatch. Butler MG; Hanson MA, 1996. Based upon the available data, the recommended acute threshold for fathead minnow is 32°C. However, the effects of this on the rest of the ecosystem could be more harmful than the high abundance of P. promelas. However, in the case of fathead minnow, EPA did not provide a recommended acute threshold. He cleans them with the thick spongy pad on his back and chases away any intruders (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). 2. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Eggs have a low hatching success rate if not tended to by the male. It was hypothesized that if the fathead minnows are stressed with lead exposure and increased temperatures then their reproductive behaviors will be Madison, WI, USA: University of Wisconsin Press, xii + 1052 pp. Accidental escapes from stocked ponds may also be responsible for some introductions. 2,3 It is most abundant in muddy streams, brooks, ponds, and small lakes. Glacial cycles as an allopatric speciation pump in north-eastern American freshwater fishes. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). 120, Common Farm-Raised Baitfish. Becker GC, 1983. Sommer A, 2012. The females lay up to 10,000 eggs in vegetated areas. P. promelas provides an important dietary component for many piscivorous fishes and birds. > 0°C, dry summers, Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter, Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. Young hatch in four to eight days and like adults, feed on both plant and animal life. http://www.natureserve.org/. Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 70° F and continues through June. promelas, P. promelas subsp. Therefore, introductions of P. promelas to wetlands can significantly reduce habitat quality (Butler and Hanson, 1996; Zimmer et al., 2001; Zimmer et al., 2006). Released into the Public Domain by the U.S. Larval fathead minnows and adult sunfish were exposed to either a low (mean±standard deviation, 90.1 ± 18 ng/L; n = 16) or high (414 ± 147 ng/L; n = 15) concentration of E1 or to a solvent control for 30 days at one of four natural seasonal temperatures (15°C, 18°C, 21°C, and 24°C) before predation trials were performed. Fathead Minnows prefer a temperature of 50° to 70° F and a pH range of 7.0 to 7.5. High densities can have deleterious effects on the energy flow in wetlands, such as the Prairie Pothole Region of the US and Canada (Zimmer et al., 2006). (2013). They can also be used to make biomass from nutrient and plant material in sewage treatment ponds (Becker, 1983). Arlington, Virginia, USA: NatureServe. Froese R; Pauly D, 2012. Temperature and pH. This species is considered a pest in much of its introduced and native range. It prefers temperatures in the range of 70-80F (21-26C), and will breed contently if the water is kept at these temperatures. They can tolerate a massive temperature range, which is part of what makes them so attractive to novice fish keepers who are trying to set up a coldwater community environment. In Europe, its introduction has resulted in the spread of enteric redmouth disease through the introduction of a bacterial pathogen (Yersinia ruckeri) (Anseeuw et al., 2012). Generally only the rosy-red variety is sold in pet shops (though very often several wild types come in with each shipment), and is summarily the most likely to be found in an aquarium. Yellow perch (Perca favescens) are also known to feed on P. promelas and a study demonstrated that they consistently feed on small individuals when given a choice of different sizes (Paszkowski and Tonn, 1994). The haploid (n) and diploid (2n) chromosome numbers for P. promelas in the USA have been reported as n = 25 and 2n = 50-50 (Froese and Pauly, 2012). It is one of the most widely distributed fishes in North America and its native range covers large expanses from the Rocky Mountains in Canada south to Texas and northern Mexico. Juveniles have a distinctive grey-black lateral band that runs from the gill cover to the tail. confertus and P. promelas subsp. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/projects/wetland/studies/pwet/discuss.htm, Anseeuw D, Branquart E, Lieffrig F, Micha JC, Parkinson D, Verreycken H, 2012. It has been implicated with the decline of other species, such as the endangered Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) and, in southeastern Arizona, the Chiracahua leopard frog (Lithobates chiricahuensis) (USGS, 2012). Froese R; Pauly D, 2004. Ross ST, 2001. Paszkowski CA; Tonn WM, 1994. FishBase DVD. It is tolerant of a range of environmental conditions, has a high reproductive output and consumes a variety of food resources. Fathead Minnows prefer a temperature of 50° to 70° F and a pH range of 7.0 to 7.5. Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. The aquarium trade is an important vector for the release of this species into local waterways. Fathead minnows spawn from late May to August when water temperatures are in the 65 F to 80 F range. Fishes of Wisconsin., Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, US Geological Survey. Populations of native fish often flux as winterkill reduces or eliminates densities each year, but repeated introductions of fathead minnows can cause algal blooms, high turbidity and a loss of wetland plants, invertebrates and other vertebrate species. Effects of social structure on reproductive activity in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), 12(4):482-489. Introduced populations of P. promelas can grow rapidly because of their high reproductive output and their ability to utilize a wide range of food resources. Minnow is the common name for a number of species of small freshwater fish, belonging to several genera of the family Cyprinidae.They are also known in Ireland as pinkeens.. Negative interactions between fathead minnows and endangered native fishes, such as woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) and Virgin River chub (Gila seminuda) within the Colorado River Baisin have also been documented (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008). Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); artwork of adult fish. This value is consistent with the value established by the State of Colorado and within the range identified by the UILT and CTM studies. It has a pharyngeal teeth count of 0,4-4,0 (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. The fishes of Ohio. ... Rosy red minnows can be kept in a wide range of environments, due to their incredible hardiness. ). In some areas it is unclear as to whether native populations have dispersed or if new populations have been established due to bait or aquarium release. Males usually grow 2-3 inches and females, 1-2 inches. However, modelling predicts that the P. promelas could benefit from climatic warming by 2050 and so the risk of introduction could increase, and subsequently its invasiveness (Godard et al. Columbus, OH, USA: Ohio State University Press. Effects of fathead minnow colonization and removal on a prairie wetland ecosystem:346-357. Zimmer KD; Hanson MA; Butler MG; Duffy WG, 2006. It was introduced to Belgium for game and fish stocking and the first wild population to be become established was recorded in 1986 (Anseeuw et al., 2012). [Invasive species in Belgium.] Both the male and female of the colour morph commonly known as the ‘rosy red minnow’ are pinky-red in colour on the body and fins. 3. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/. These fish grow quickly and can reach sexual maturity and spawn at the end of their first summer (Markus 1934; Held & … 2. Fathead minnow eggs are small (1.2 to 1.6 mm). Fatheads will live about two years if they have spawned, but significantly long… During this time, ‘a single female may produce 6803-10,164 eggs and may have participated in 16-26 spawning sequences’ (Ross et al., 2001). © Copyright 2021 CAB International. Nelson JS; Paetz MJ, 1992. Females spawn at frequent intervals, up to several times a week. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution/NMNH. Rainbow trout, bluegill, and fathead minnow are 1.2-5.2 times more sensitive to un-ionized ammonia at low temperatures (3-5 0 C) typical of winter conditions than at higher temperatures typical of summer conditions for each species (13-150C for rainbow trout and 24-250C for the non-salmonids). For example, in some lakes and ponds, which vary in oxygen levels from year to year, it may lead to a disproportionate number of smaller individuals within a population as the larger individuals cannot survive. Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. These fish are social, active, and moderately hardy. Fractional spawning can result in 16 to 26 spawning events per female and an annual fecundity of 6,800 to 10,600 eggs per female. The fishes of Alberta., Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta. Fathead minnows failed to exhibit immediate rate compensation as a result of acute temperature changes. Water Resources research grant proposal: Influences of fathead minnows on nutrient partitioning, water clarity, and ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands. http://www.natureserve.org/. 2010). Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. Two evolutionarily closely related species to the P. promelas are the bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) and the slim minnow (Pimephales tenellus) (Ross et al., 2001). They are also ideally stocked into new ponds intended to … Females develop an enlarged urogenital papilla approximately one month prior to spawning (Flickinger 1969)’ (Hassan-Williams and Bonner, 2012). The blunt, dorsally rounded shape of the head in breeding males (moderately so in others) gives the species its common name ‘fathead minnow’ (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). It is tolerant of a range of water quality conditions, with the exception of high acidity, and is frequently found in wetlands with high alkaline and saline conditions. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. The creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) can be easily mistaken for P. promelas, but this species can be identified by its larger jaw, 8 anal fins, a complete lateral line and 11 or fewer gill rakers (Hassan-Williams and Bonner, 2012). P. promelas is generally found in schools. Repeated introductions of P. promelas to wetland habitats in USA and Canada are causing economic repercussions for wetland managers responsible for water quality, flood protection and optimization of waterfowl production (Zimmer et al., 2006). Their rapid maturation, high reproductive potential and ability to tolerate a wide range of habitats poses a high invasive risk and a substantial threat to native species. This colour fish is frequently used in the aquarium trade. 2008, Ptychocheilus lucius (Colorado pikeminnow), Rana chiricahuensis (Chiricahua leopard frog), http://water.usgs.gov/wrri/96grants/ncr12nd.htm, http://icais.org/pdf/2010abstracts/Gordon%20Copp.pdf, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/270, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/, http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/projects/wetland/studies/pwet/discuss.htm, http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/index.htm, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Exposure to E1 was associated with a significant increase in larval … The fathead minnow is another native inhabitant in both ponds and streams of the prairie ecoregions of Montana. ----- 3.5 Temperature Water temperature in all tanks in the ERL - D fathead culture unit is maintained at 25°C + 1°C for maximum egg production and growth. Among other introduced fish, it is thought to predate on young suckers, including the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Oregon and northern California. assess the influences of temperature and estrogen concentration on two life stages of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). They produce a number of offspring and so are useful forage for bass and larger bream. Because the Fathead Minnow is fairly tolerant of harsh conditions, it can be found in bodies of water that may be uninhabitable to other fish, such as waste drainage sites. Males set up territories and prepare the nest by sweeping out a cavity such as the underside of rocks, wood, or other debris. University of Michigan, Michigan, USA: Animal Diversity Web. Non Indigenous Aquatic Species Database. http://www.fishbase.org, Godard MJ; Britton JR; Guillerault N; Zieba G; Copp GH, 2010. Fishes of Arkansas. The sides of the bodies of males become almost black except for two wide vertical bands which are light in color. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) have been cultured for use in aquatic toxicity tests for over 30 years, and are the most common fish species used to determine sublethal toxicity of chemicals and complex effluents. Once mature and under appropriate seasonal conditions, minnows can spawn continually for a period of several months. 1956). It does not tend to be found in upland areas or at high altitudes and seems to prefer slow moving steams and ponds (Werner, 2004). Influences of fathead minnows on nutrient partitioning, water clarity, and ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands., USA: USGS Water Resources. Fathead minnows are fractional spawners, meaning they begin spawning when water temperatures approach 18 °C (64 °F) and continue until they drop below that temperature in late summer. The fathead minnow lives in streams of all sizes but is most abundant in small, intermittent prairie creeks. Smith RJF; Murphy BD, 1974. They can be omnivores but normally eat more zooplankton than algae. It was later introduced as forage for sport fishes and then became widespread as the bait industry grew. by Froese, R. \Pauly, D.]. April J; Hunner RH; Dion-Cote AM; Bernatchez L, 2013. They have a short life span of 2-3 years and reproduce frequently after water temperatures reach approximately 60 degrees. Danylchuk AJ; Tonn WM, 2000. NOTE: The keeping of Fathead Minnows in ponds in GB is illegal. It has been intentionally introduced into new areas through the aquarium trade, where it is sold either as an aquarium pet or a feeder fish (Chang et al, 2009). They are an indicator species of the core prairie fish assemblage found in the Intermittent and Perennial Prairie Stream Aquatic Ecological Systems. The main spawning season of the Fathead Minnow is from June through July, and they are in good spawning condition from mid-May to early August. Three subspecies of Pimephales promelas were recognized up until the 1960s: P. promelas subsp. Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands, 25(3):764-775. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgsnpwrc/270, Hassan-Williams C; Bonner TH, 2012. The body is slightly to moderately compressed, the lateral line tends to be incomplete (with 7-40 pored scales), and the pre-dorsal scales are crowded and significantly smaller than those on the sides of the body (Ross et al., 2001). Online at www.fishbase.org. Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow. They can be found swimming with other small fish, including the brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans), southern redbelly dace (Chrosomus erythrogaster) and the bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. Physical description: Adult fathead minnows are small in size and can range from 43 to 102 millimeters in length, although the average length is 50 millimeters.Mature males have nuptial tubercles and an elongate pad extending in a narrow line from the nape to the dorsal fin. Legislation under the Import of live Fish Act 1980 (ILFA) prohibits the keeping of some non-native fish in GB, including Fathead Minnows, except under licence. It can indirectly affect aquatic insects, large cladocerans and other vertebrate and invertebrate species by reducing habitat quality (by increasing turbidity, phosphrous and chlorophyll a) (Zimmer et al., 2001). The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. temperature, by .2 degrees Celsius, there are also changes in the timing of reproduction of coral reef damselfish because reproduction generally only occurs within a small range of temperatures (2). -SRAC Publication No. Ecol, 22(2):409-422. In the Twin Cities area of Minnesota, P. promelas was introduced to control mosquitoes (USGS, 2012). http://www.fishbase.org, Godard MJ, Britton JR, Guillerault N, Zieba G, Copp GH, 2010. It is widely used in the USA in many laboratory toxicity studies (Ross et al., 2001). The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States. Hybridisation between P. promelas and P. notatus has been observed in their natural environment (Trautman, 1981; Danylchuk et al., 2012). Therefore, educating both retailers and customers about the risks posed by both pet and bait bucket releases could reduce the further introduction of this species, as well as other aquatic species. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University New Mexico Press, 393 pp. Biological Invasions, 11(4):773-785. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b330w27880752rr4/fulltext.html. In chronic low dose field tests (Gagnaire et al. http://ias.biodiversity.be/. P. promelas has a moderately forked caudal fin, 8 dorsal fin rays, 7 anal fin rays and 44-50 lateral line scales. Reston, Virginia, USA: US Geology Surveys. Anseeuw D; Branquart E; Lieffrig F; Micha JC; Parkinson D; Verreycken H, 2012. A male may accumulate as many as 12,000 eggs. Population size decreases as a result of the effects of oestrogen on reproductive health (Kidd et al., 2007). The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a species of temperate freshwater fish belonging to the genus Pimephales of the cyprinid family. It is uncertain as to whether wild populations are present in Germany as well (Danylchuk et al., 2012). P. promelas is found throughout North America, ‘occurring naturally between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians in the Mississippi, Hudson Bay, and Great Lakes basins and from Louisiana, Texas, and Chihuahua, Mexico, in the south to the Alberta-Northwest Territories border and northern Ontario in the north’ (Danylchuk et al., 2012). Invasive species in Belgium. P. promelas, commonly known as the fathead minnow, is a small-bodied, short-lived, nest guarding cyprinid fish. P. promelas can spawn anytime between May and September. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, 624 pp. 437 pp. Sommer A, 2012. Fish & Wildlife Service/National Digital Library - Original artwork by Duane Raver Jr. First wild population recorded in North Yorkshire, Widespread in central and southern Alberta, Not native but may have the possible exception of occurrences in the Tennessee drainage; Original citation: Ross et al. (Pimephales promelas)., Michigan, USA: University of Michigan, Animal Diversity Web. In some cases, it was introduced to areas that already had native populations, such as Nebraska and Ohio. The herbivorous part of their diet consists primarily of algae and phytoplankton. Primarily a benthic feeder, most of its diet consists of algae and protozoans, but it will also eat zooplankton and aquatic insect larvae (Nelson and Paetz, 1992). harveyensis. It lives in schools in midwater or near the bottom. Tackling aquatic invasions: risks and opportunities for the aquarium fish industry. The species has also been introduced and stocked in sewerage treatment ponds in Wisconsin (Danylchuk et al., 2012). http://ias.biodiversity.be/, CABI, Undated. Temperature is important Biofi lters operate best at temperatures between 65 and 85 degrees F. Temperatures outside this range reduce bacterial metabolism and the effi ciency of the biofi lter If fi sh must be placed into a system without an established biofi … Nelson JS, Paetz MJ, 1992. It is known to cause declines of native and endangered species including Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris) in Oregon and California. Fishbase [ed. The species has been imported both locally and state wide; for example, the Minnesota bait industry sold P. promelas locally and as far as Florida and New Mexico (USGS, 2012). It therefore has a high invasive potential and has been recorded as a pest in many countries. In: Invasive species in Belgium. They can be bred in an aquarium, and the fathead minnow is one of the only cyprinids that protects its eggs in the nest (carried out by the male). Texas, USA: Texas State University (San Marcos Biology Department). - 1.268. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pimephales_promelas/, USGS, 2012. Robison HW; Buchanan TM, 1984. Spawning sites are carefully selected for by the male and tend to be in shallow water, less than a meter deep, with a log, branch, rock or other object being used for the eggs to be deposited underneath. The viral susceptibility range of a poikilothermic cell line derived from the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (FHM) to infection by a number of homoiothermic viruses representing most of the presently recognized viral groups and a member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma group of … In the UK, the first population of P. promelas was observed in 2008 but few observations have been made of established populations (Godard et al., 2010). P. promelas is the most common species of minnow sold as bait for angling activities. It occurs in high densities in the wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region (Zimmer et al., 2001). http://icais.org/pdf/2010abstracts/Gordon%20Copp.pdf, Hanson MA; Zimmer KD; Butler MG; Tangen BA; Herwig BR; Euliss Jr NH, 2005. 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(21):8897-8901. http://www.pnas.org/, NatureServe, 2012. FishBase. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. In the wild, the Fathead Minnow is a dull olive-grey with a stripe along its back and side. Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow., Belgium: The Belgian Biodiversity Platform (online). The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), is a species of temperate freshwater fish belonging to the Pimephales genus of the cyprinid family. In the wild the fathead minnow will appear to be dull greenish-grey, with a darkish stripe extending along the back and side, and a … General Description, Biology, Habitat, Distribution: The fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque is a member of the fish family Cyprinidae, the largest family of fish with more than 2,000 species worldwide and nearly 300 extant in North America (Jenkins & Burkhead, 1994). Biotic interactions as determinants of ecosystem structure in prairie wetlands: an example using fish. Introducing or increasing the number of predators within systems, such as walleye or lake trout, could also control P. promelas populations. Woundfin and Virgin River chub 5-Year Review., USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service. The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States. P. promelas is olive-yellow in colour with a yellow-silvery underside. Fathead minnows in Europe., UK: Cefas-Lowestoft and Bournemouth University. Fatheads can tolerate lower oxygen levels than most game fish. New York, USA: Syracuse University Press, 335 pp. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 25(3):301-309. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-current-issue, ITIS, 2013. Determination of sexes in the fathead minnow, 98(3):526-527. The Fathead Minnow is a freshwater fish that can be found throughout most of North America. Penang, Malaysia: Worldfish Center. Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow, Belgium: The Belgian Biodiversity Platform. The species is an important bioassay animal due to the ease in which it can be cultured and maintained (Danylchuk et al., 2012). Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Pimephales promelas. Fathead minnows in Europe: preliminary results. For many areas, P. promelas has been accidentally or intentionally introduced into the natural environment. Texas Freshwater Fishes. The Fathead Minnow has become very popular as a baitfish and can be used in aquariums as pets. In Madison, USA, it was even found to decrease densities of mosquito that were associated with the spread of West Nile virus (Irwin and Paskewitz, 2009; Danylchuk et al., 2012). The following describes the morphological changes for both sexes: ‘Breeding males develop a large, mucus-secreting, fleshy pad on the nape (Smith and Murphy 1974; Smith 1978) and 16 large tubercles in three rows on the snout. Brungs (1971a) found that temperatures below 22°C or above 26°C reduced fathead minnow reproduction. It is also physiologically capable of surviving very low oxygen conditions in lakes. Larval and adult minnows were exposed for 21 or 30 days, respectively, to 3 concentrations of estrone (nominally at 25, 125, and 625 ng/L) or to an ethanol carrier control (0 ng/L), at It may compete with other fish for food resources and habitat, especially during the spawning season when males are territorial at nest sites. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008. In the Northeast, it is found in all states in the region (Werner, 2004). http://www.bio.txstate.edu/, Irwin P; Paskewitz S, 2009. Statistical analysis of geographical variation of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, 1966:457-466. Fishes of Wisconsin. This can cause high mortality of larger individuals within a population (Danylchuk and Tonn, 2000). Pimephales promelas: fathead minnow. P. promelas, commonly known as the fathead minnow, is a small-bodied, short-lived, nest guarding cyprinid fish. Although tolerant to a range of conditions, some environmental variables may affect the size of individuals. It has been suggested that P. promelas could become invasive in the UK within the next 40 years, so further research is needed to identify areas of elevated risk, and control and eradication plans would need to be proposed and implemented (Godard et al., 2010). http://www.fow-ebook.us, Froese R, Pauly D, 2004. Werner RG, 2004. CABI is a registered EU trademark. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. Size demography of individuals within a population may be affected by environmental variables, such as low oxygen levels. In Canadian boreal lakes, populations of P. promelas show high phenotypic diversity. It is commonly sold as an aquarium pet and the rosy red morph has been bred for this purpose as well as its use as bait (Robison and Buchanan, 1984). Zimmer KD; Hanson MA; Butler MG, 2001. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States. Much of this variation may also be dependent on the social environment where the absence of larger, socially dominant males may cause smaller males to spawn earlier in the season, producing a larger number of young which are small in size (Danylchuk and Tonn, 2000). The fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, a species of freshwater fish native to Canada, has shown to be tolerant to a wide range of water types. 2000 )., Michigan, Michigan, Michigan, USA of the minnow. In sewerage treatment ponds ( Becker, 1983 )., Michigan, Michigan, Animal Diversity Web when in. Fed regularly been introduced intentionally into Iran and Europe, where wild populations have become established Puerto... Several times a week in lakes and CTM studies low dose field tests ( Gagnaire et al fathead minnow temperature range often! 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Its introduced and stocked in sewerage treatment ponds ( Becker, 1983 ).,,... Mj, Britton JR, Guillerault N, Zieba G, Copp GH, 2010 later introduced as for! Occurs in high densities in the wild, the recommended acute threshold is! 1052 pp, NatureServe, 2012 )., Michigan, USA: Geology! Promelasis difficult to determine due to their use as bait by anglers be., 25 ( 3 ):526-527 an online encyclopedia of life., Arlington,,! Continues through June changes in the wild, the male chases the female away from the nest and guards... Lateral band that runs from the gill cover to the Pimephales genus of fathead minnow temperature range... Intermittent and Perennial prairie Stream aquatic Ecological Systems the UILT and CTM studies: //www.fow-ebook.us, Froese R Pauly. Temperatures in the Region ( Zimmer et al., 1991 invasions: risks and for! ; Britton JR, Guillerault N, Zieba G, Copp GH 2010. Be most abundant in muddy streams, brooks, ponds, and small lakes is an important vector the... Its release from aquariums and hatcheries ( USGS, 2012 ). Michigan... Nutrient and plant material in sewage treatment ponds in Wisconsin ( Danylchuk et,! East of the American mosquito control in sloughs, ponds, ditches storm! Chub 5-Year Review., USA: University of Michigan, USA: University of Michigan, USA: Wisconsin of... Zimmer et al., 2001 )., Michigan, USA: Animal Diversity Web introductions from bait bucket.... It shows some level of parental care consumes a variety of freshwater habitats, such as low oxygen levels,... R, Pauly D, Branquart E ; Lieffrig F, Micha JC, Parkinson D, H. Mobile device can cause high mortality of larger individuals within a population may be a... Including creeks, headwaters, small rivers, lakes and ponds primarily of algae phytoplankton! Statistical analysis of geographical variation of the species is unusual in that it fathead minnow temperature range some level of parental care high... Or lake trout, could also control P. promelas largely consuming invertebrates including crustaceans and chironomid pupae Price.